1.河北师范大学历史文化学院，泥河湾考古研究院，石家庄 050024；2．中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室， 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，北京100044；3．中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心，北京100044； 4.宁夏文物考古研究所，银川 750001

摘要：水洞沟遗址是中国较早发现并且最早发掘的旧石器遗址，该遗址自 1923 年发现以来便因其出土较多具有欧洲旧石器时代中晚过渡期特征的石制品而受到国内外学者的广泛关注。本文以水洞沟遗址第 7 地点 （SDG7）出土的石制品材料为基础，主要从石核剥片策略和工具修理策略两个方面进行石器技术的分析研究。石核、石片以及工具的分析显示，SDG7 存在两大石器技术体系：一是中国北方常见的占主导地位的石片石器技术，该技术不存在剥片前对石核的预制过程，而是以简单剥片石核、大量的不规则石片以及修理程度较低的工具为代表，少量采用优质原料精致加工的工具类型体现出旧石器时代晚期该技术的发展和进步；二是 Levallois-like 石叶技术，以少量的 Levallois-like 石核（扁脸石核）为代表，与 SDG1、SDG2 （CL5a）以及 SDG9出土的同类石核呈现技术理念的一致性，该技术以剥离较大尺寸的石叶/长石片为目的，且均具有台面的预制修理和剥片面的维护现象，应为外来的技术体系。SDG7 石器技术的分析可为水洞沟遗址区技术演化序列的构建、整体文化面貌的揭示以及技术变化原因的探讨提供新的材料和参考。 

关键词：水洞沟遗址第 7 地点；石核剥片；工具修理；石器技术

Core reduction and tool modification, a case study on lithic technology of Shuidonggou Locality 7, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

NIU Dongwei1, PEI Shuwen2,3, WANG Huimin4, GAO Xing2, 3 

1. Institute of Nihewan Archaeology, College of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang050024; 2. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044; 3. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044; 4. Institute of Archaeology of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750001 

Abstract: The Shuidonggou (SDG) site complex, located in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of Northwest China and yielded Middle-Upper Paleolithic transitional blade-rich assemblages, has been given more and more focuses since its discovery and first excavation in the 1920s. This paper presents a specific lithic analyses (core reduction and tool modification) on the stone artefacts yielded by three years of systematic and advanced excavations at Shuidonggou locality 7 (SDG7), an important locality within the SDG site cluster. As shown by the characteristics of the cores and flakes from SDG7, direct hammer percussion was the dominant flaking technique, but the bipolar technique was also used on a small-scale, especially for some high-quality and small-sized cherts. As for the core reduction strategy, most of the cores, including simple flake cores (free-hand direct hammer percussion), discoid cores and bipolar cores, show the features of flake production without core preparation. Compared to the centripetal reduction of discoid cores, the reduction strategy of simple flake cores is to look for the most suitable platforms and working surfaces by changing flaking direction. However, it should be noted that there are four flat-faced cores that display consistent features of the Levallois-like blade assemblage with the ones identified at other localities like SDG1, 2 and 9, which have been described as an intrusive large blade technology with characteristics of initial Upper Paleolithic from the Siberian/Mongolian region. There are five kinds of tool forms (scrapers, points, notches, denticulates and choppers) identified at SDG7, most of which are small in size and made by complete flakes. The predominant tool forms are scrapers (n=105; 86.77%), most of which are side scrapers. Most working edges of the tools appear to be unifacially and lightly retouched by direct hammer percussion. However, the presence of some finely retouched tools (end scrapers and some side scrapers) made from high quality raw materials may indicate the technological innovations of local industry during the Upper Paleolithic. Above all, based on the detailed lithic analyses, two distinct technological assemblages are identified at SDG7. One is a flake-tool technology, which is the local and dominant technological assemblage in North China, characterized by free-hand core reduction without preparation and simple tool modification. The other is an intrusive Levallois-like blade technology, which is represented by flat-faced cores with preparation of platforms and working surfaces for the production of blades and/or elongated flakes. We believe the detailed study of the lithic materials from SDG7 would be of a great relevance for the comprehensive understanding of the whole technological complex at SDG site region and its role in the Upper Paleolithic of North China.

Keywords: Shuidonggou Locality 7; Core reduction;  Tool modification; Lithic technology