The Shiqian area in northeastern Guizhou Province, South China, is one of the typical areas for Silurian stratigraphy, in which the Silurian strata are well developed and continuously exposed with abundant fossils. Herein we report our recent studies of a new Silurian geological section in the area, the Tunping Section, which contains, in ascending order, the “Lungmachi”, Xiangshuyuan, Leijiatun, Majiaochong, Rongxi, Xiushan and Huixingshao formations. The section is located not far to the north of the classic Leijiatun Section in the Shiqian area, and from both sections the Silurian strata and yielded invertebrate fossils are almost identical, which facilitates a close correlation. Three fish-bearing beds are found in the Tunping Section, the middle part of the Rongxi Formation, the lower part of the Xiushan Formation, and the Huixingshao Formation, respectively. The fossil fishes found from the middle part of the Rongxi Formation (the lowermost Silurian fish-bearing beds in China so far), including galeaspids, placoderms and chondrichthyans, are abundant and evidence the initial diversification of vertebrates in early Silurian. Specifically, the finding of the oldest jawed vertebrates in the Shiqian Fish Assemblage (assigned to the Zhangjiajie Vertebrate Fauna) from this horizon will make the Tunping Section a focus of global paleoichthyologists. Based mainly on the detailed researches of stratigraphy, paleontology, and stable carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Tunping Section, together with a review of previous researches of the Silurian in the Shiqian area, we tentatively draw the following conclusions. Firstly, we investigated the characteristics and sequence of the strata and fossils in the Tunping Section, and affirmed that the Silurian strata range from A. ascensus Zone (early Rhuddanian) to M. griestoniensis Zone (middle Telychian). Secondly, a continuous carbonate carbon isotope curve (δ13Ccarb) is obtained for the first time, ranging from the early Rhuddanian to middle Telychian, in which three distinct positive excursions of δ13Ccarb values are recognized, in the upper part of the Xiangshuyuan, Leijiatun and Xiushan formations, respectively. The three excursions are correlated to the Early Aeronian Event, Late Aeronian Event and Valgu Event in global composite curve. Finally, the changes of sedimentary environments in the Shiqian area are preliminarily discussed, which are obviously controlled by the paleogeographic background, the uplifts and falls of the region, sea-level fluctuations and paleoclimate changes.